JEE Mains Information

UNIT I

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound: Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision, and accuracy, significant figures. S.I.Units, dimensional analysis: Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

UNIT 2

STATES OF MATTER

Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases: Gas laws – Boyle’s law, Charle’s law. Graham’s law of diffusion. Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; the Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas
equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square, and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behavior, compressibility factor, and van der Waals equation.

Liquid State: Properties of liquids – vapor pressure, viscosity and surface tension, and the effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).

Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent, and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications: Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc, and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in
solids; Electrical and magnetic properties.

UNIT 3

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Thomson and Rutherford’s atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr model of a hydrogen atom – its
postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model;

the Dual nature of matter, and de Broglie’s relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, and its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron

wave functions: Variation of Ψ and Ψ² with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d – orbitals, electron spin, and spin quantum number:

Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle. Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT 4

CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE

Kossel – Lewis’s approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.

Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajans rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules. Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory – its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d
orbitals; Resonance.

Molecular Orbital Theory – Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications

UNIT 5 

CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes. The first law of thermodynamics – The concept of work, heat internal energy, and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity;

Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution. The second law of thermodynamics – Spontaneity of processes; ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity. ΔG (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

UNIT 6

SOLUTIONS

Different methods for expressing the concentration of the solution – molality, molarity, mole fraction,
percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapor pressure of solutions, and Raoult’s Law – Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapor pressure – composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions;

Colligative properties of dilute solutions – a relative lowering of vapor pressure, depression of freezing point, the
elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative
properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, Vant Hoff factor and its significance.

UNIT 7

EQUILIBRIUM

Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium. Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid – gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry’s law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes. Equilibrium involving chemical processes:

Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of ΔG and ΔG^o in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.

Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted – Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts, and solubility products, buffer solutions.

UNIT 8

REDOX REACTIONS AND
ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation numbers, rules for assigning oxidation numbers, and balancing of redox reactions.
Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities, and there
variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
Electrochemical cells – Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.

UNIT 9 

CHEMICAL KINETICS

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order, and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of the temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, activation energy, and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

UNIT 10

SURFACE CHEMISTRY

Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids – Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.

Catalysis – Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme
catalysis, and its mechanism. Colloidal state- distinction among true solutions, colloids, and suspensions, classification of colloids – lyophilic. lyophobic; multi-molecular. macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids – Tyndall effect. Brownian movement, electrophoresis,
dialysis, coagulation, and flocculation: Emulsions and their characteristics. 

UNIT 11

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity.

UNIT 12

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES
OF ISOLATION OF METALS

Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, and ores; Steps involved in the extraction of metals – concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods), and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al. Cu, Zn, and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles
involved in the extraction of metals.

UNIT 13

HYDROGEN

Position of hydrogen in the periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of
hydrogen peroxide; Classification of hydrides -ionic, covalent, and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.

UNIT 14

s -BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)

Group -1 and 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships. Preparation and properties of some important compounds – sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime, and limestone. Plaster of Paris and cement: Biological significance of Na, K. Mg, and Ca.

UNIT 15

p- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behavior of the first element in each group.
Groupwise study of the p – block elements

Group -13
Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminum; Structure, properties, and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, and alums.
Group -14
The tendency for catenation; Structure, properties, and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones.
Group -15
Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, and phosphorus halides, (PCl₃, PCl₅); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Group -16
Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ozone: Allotropic forms of Sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of Sulphur.
Group-17
Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.
Group-18
Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.

UNIT 16

d -and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements – physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, color, catalytic behavior, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of K₂Cr₂O₇, and KMnO₄.
Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids – Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

UNIT 17

CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner’s theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding, Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, color and magnetic properties; Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and in biological systems).

UNIT 18

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Environmental pollution – Atmospheric, water, and soil. Atmospheric pollution – Tropospheric and Stratospheric
Tropospheric pollutants – Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen, Sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming: Acid rain; Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention.

Stratospheric pollution– Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of the ozone layer – its mechanism and effects.
Water Pollution – Major pollutants such as. pathogens, organic wastes, and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
Soil pollution – Major pollutants such as; Pesticides (insecticides. herbicides and fungicides), their
harmful effects, and prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution.

UNIT 19

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Purification – Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography – principles and their applications. Qualitative analysis – Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens.

Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) – Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, Sulphur, and phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis,

UNIT 20

SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules – hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic
compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and Sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism.

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission – Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and
nucleophiles. 

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond – Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation. Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement.

UNITS 21

HYDROCARBONS

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions.

Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen,
halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization.
Alkynes – Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, benzene – structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration. Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene.

UNIT 22

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS

General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT.

UNIT 23

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer – Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.

Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative
reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as – Nucleophilic addition reactions
(addition of HCN. NH₃, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen);

the acidity of α– hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.

Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it,

UNIT 24

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary,
and tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT 25

POLYMERS

General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization, – Addition and
condensation, copolymerization. Natural and synthetic, rubber and vulcanization, some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses – polythene, nylon, polyester, and bakelite.

UNIT 26

BIOMOLECULES

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
CARBOHYDRATES – Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).
PROTEINS – Elementary Idea of α-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
VITAMINS – Classification and functions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids.

UNIT 27

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Chemicals in Medicines – Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs,
antibiotics, antacids. Anti-histamines -their meaning and common examples.
Chemicals in food – Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents – common examples.
Cleansing Agents – Soaps and detergents, cleansing action

UNIT 28

PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.

• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
  Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
• Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs
  KMnO₄, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO₄
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
  Cations – Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺
  Anions- CO₃²⁻, S^2-, SO₄²⁻, NO₃^–, NO₂^–, Cl^–, Br^–, I^–
  ( Insoluble salts excluded).
  Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
  1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO₄
  2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
  3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
  4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.